Routine in Business Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Routine in Business Organizations - Essay Example A routine is defined as a habit of doing something in a particular order. The pattern of routines in a family calls for a core routine which is followed daily such as waking up, taking breakfast, getting ready for work or school. These routines become almost automatic and take a lot of discipline. Routine is usually considered as a plane or a timetable that determines your day, week or yearly activities. One can take note of the time and the activities that need to be accomplished during those planned times. Therefore, routines are commonplace tasks, chores or duties that must be done regularly, or at specified intervals, typical or in everyday activities. In this literature review a critical examination of the context of routine, its use and application in business organizations as well as in the field of psychology where routine is sometimes integral to the intervention strategies, is explored. Also included in this review is the model of routines applied in management and psychology. It is imperative that a clear understanding of the concept of routine be derived from previous research. Hodgson, in his critical analysis of Nelson and Winter's "Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change" (1982), found that the authors sometimes defined routine as genotypes or attributable to dispositions and sometimes it is defined as phenotypes or attributed to behavior (363).. He presents genotypes as "the generative rule" that includes "the forms, rules, procedures, conventions, strategies, and technologies" that are "inherent in ingrained individual habits and in organizational routines." (364) Hence, habits and dispositions are conditional, dependent on the generative mechanisms that produce behavior. The appropriate definition for routine would be: "A routine is an executable capability for repeated performance in some context that [has] been learned by an organization in response to selective pressures." Therefore, routines in the management case are potentialities, not behavior. In the world of psychology today, psychoanalysis is specifically and centrally about those 'murky concepts'. Over the last couple of years cognitive psychology has become focused of the study of emotion made by philosophers, psychologists and neuroscientist rather than traditional cognitive scientists. Another alternative to psychoanalysis is socio-biology; a subtler and more promising form called Darwinian Psychology, also uses evolutionary variable to explain human behaviour which focuses on emotion though their descriptions are ingrained from intuition theories and are articulated from different ways of reacting to struggle for survival. These explanations are all speculation, which are not necessarily true factors (Young, 2008). Another down point with psychology and routine is that psychologists seem to have no greater interest in routine and scheduling, when they should have because of the high impact it plays on human's life and behaviour. One can learn a lot concerning the hu man mind, behaviour, and the social aspects of behaviour as well. But there are no focuses on how routine can affect ones' behaviour, life style, and even the impact of stress. Surprisingly, the bulk of research deals with only a small number or routine- related topics. Many of today's psychology articles on routine focuses on broad topics like the impact of routine in the work

Biology Module Study Guide Essay Example for Free

Biology Module Study Guide Essay Biology Study Guide Uses of Sponges-possess no symmetry and take on a variety of shapes. Theyve got 2 layers of cells that are separated by a thin, Jellylike substance. Outer layer-epidermis, and Jellylike substance-mesenchyme. Morphology of Molluscs-they have a soft body they are more fragile. They also have more difficulty to support their bodies in terrestrial environments or to fixate to substrates in aquatic habitats. Many species solve these problems by secreting a calcareous carapace, or shell, an exoskeleton to upport and protect them and to prevent dehydration. Platy Hemises- commonly called flatworm. have no body cavity other than the gut, same pharyngeal opening both takes in food and expels waste. Lack of a cavity also constrains flatworms to be flat. Earthworm-segmented worm. they inhabit every bit of moist soil in the world. they possess bilateral symmetry and are made up of segments that look like little rings stacked next to each other. Earthworm Reproduction-simultaneous hermaphrodites, meaning worms have both male and female reproductive organs. Planaria Reproduction-hermaphroditic-possess both male and female sex glands. planarian cannot fertilize its own eggs; eggs must be fertilized by sperm of another planarian. In another method of reproduction, a planarian constricts behind the pharynx and separates itself into two pieces ; then, both pieces grow back their missing parts and become two new planarians. Vocab: 1) Budding-form of sexual reproduction. Its when a yeast buds, the nucleus of the cell reproduces inside a single cell. A section of the cell wall and plasma membrane then well to form a pouch into which the nucleus and some cytoplasm flow. 5) Gizzard- the hind part of the stomach, especially modified for grinding food. (mostly on birds) 6) Nephridia-small organs. they function like your kidneys, are in every segment of the earthworms body except the 1st 3 and the very last one. 8) Pharynx-it ingests soil through it mouth by using it as a vacuum to suck. Diagrams: The Life Cycle of a Jellyfish Basic Anatomy of a Common Earthworm Structure of a Sponge Biology Module 2: Study Guide By morgannf95

Praising And Providing Honest Appraisal English Language Essay

Praising And Providing Honest Appraisal English Language Essay According to Collins English Gem Dictionary, a criticism is a skilled in, or finding fault act whereas praising is an act that expresses approval, admiration of, glorifying and giving commendation. For example, live shows such as American Idol and Americans got talent, where the participants will be judged and evaluated by the judges. The comments may be fair or biased and hurtful. Criticizing someone does not necessarily have to be viewed as something negative because a criticism is given in order to help others to improve themselves or whatever they are lack of. These are positive criticisms that will lead to positive outcomes. However, there are also negative criticisms. These are the kinds of criticisms that are detrimental to an individuals self-esteem. People who are always giving negative criticisms to others should be avoided. Appraisal on the other hand is used in the same sense as the word praise, which means an action that expresses warm approbation of, commend the merits of, glorify and extol the attributes of something or someone (The Concise Oxford Dictionary Of Current English, 1951). We give praises to someone when we agree or enjoy the persons actions. For example, we praise someone when he or she has given an inspiring and awesome speech which has succeeded to move the hearts of others. We praise others when we like them or look up to them due to the qualities that we admire. However, the praises expressed are not always sincere and honest. The praises that are given by others may be false and are actually in the form of sarcasms, ironically. For example, if someone says You have the shape of a pear, he or she might be praising you for the sexy body shape that you have, but it might be also a kind of sarcasm as well which refers to the fat of your body. Providing honest appraisal is quite similar to the act of praising, but it is definitely an honest appraisal. Providing honest appraisal is healthy because it comes straight from the thoughts and feelings. We provide honest appraisal when we sincerely wish to give someone appraisal because we think they deserve our honest appraisal. Our honest appraisal will help to boost the confidence of others and help us not to be biased toward others. 2. Meanings are in people, not in words. Explain this statement. According to Brian Paltridge in his book Discourse Analysis, people do things or perform communication acts in order to achieve their communication goals. Usually people meant what they say, not semantically, literally and not only on surface but every words uttered have its own meaning depends on the situation that they are in and to whom they referred to. For instant, a person who is a driver will understand if someone gives him direction by saying Take 12 oclock after you reach the roundabout. However, other people might get the message wrong if they are in a different situation or they dont know what those words meant. They will assume that Take 12 oclock as the time on the clock or watch. This shows that meaning is in people and not in words. It is also depends on the situation and people who are involve in the context. It is the same when you talk, share information, or story with someone. If your friend tells you about his or her problem, that person will aspect you to listen, paying attention, understand, and show support. During this time, it is important for you to try and get what your friend is saying and try to understand what he or she meant by what the person said. If you have any doubt or seek confirmation, you should rephrase and ask question for confirmation and clarification. Indirectly, you will help your friend understands the problem better and come out with solution by himself. Other than that, words can be very powerful and change peoples life. For example, the words I love you can create a strange and wonderful feeling in your heart toward somebody who feel that you are special in his or her life. It also can change your life in a split second. We should pay attention with the interaction that we make with people around us especially those who are important in our life. It urges us to learn to understand the deeper message relies beneath those words, appreciate it, and how it becomes meaningful to their users. 3. Say what you understand by sexist language and racist language. Why are these forms of speech practice considered offensive in each case? How can we avoid these barriers to effective speech? Sexist language is using language in a way that excludes either men or women when discussing a topic when actually that is meant to include people from both sexes. For instance, the statement Each student chose his own topic for his term paper, leads the reader to assume that all the students in the class were male, despite the probability that half of them were female. Therefore, sexist language is gender bias in using languages. It can occur either consciously or unconsciously. When unconscious, the gender bias in language can be considered to be the product of society: the repetition of sexist behavior and terms used by other people in their speech practice causes the speaker unconsciously produces his or her own sexist language where men are the norm and women the other. Sexist language offends people when they find themselves excluded. If you are using language that is offensive to half of your audience, you will not get your message across. People will not be receptive to your arguments if they are aggrieved by your use of exclusively masculine pronouns. Moreover, sexist language encourages discrimination and can discourage people from pursuing their dreams. In order to avoid these barriers, some strategies have to be taken to achieve effective speech. Firstly, the generic man in common terms includes man, mankind, and caveman are the most commonly used gendered nouns, so avoiding the confusion they bring by using humanity or the human race when you are referring to all people or use person instead of man when referring of a single hypothetical individual. Secondly, avoid gendered pronouns and possessive adjectives like generic he and his by making them plural and use plural pronoun they. Thirdly, sex role stereotypes should be avoided by using genderless titles whenever possible, such as flight attendant instead of stewardess, fire-fighter instead of fireman, and homemaker instead of housewife and avoid adding gender markers to genderless titles, such as male nurse; use the genderless title alone (i.e., nurse). It goes the same for racist language which most of the time are used to hurt other people who are different, in terms of their races. It may cause a lot of negative effects in every single way of its application no matter in what context it is been used. Taking Malaysia as an example, unity is one of the factors why all of us can live peacefully in a country which consist of many different races and not to mention being proud of it. Malaysia once faced racist issue and the last time it happened, thousands of people died in the tragedy and it shows how dangerous it can be when were dealing with racist issue. The point is, there is no particular race is better than the others, as long we are willing to work hard, and everyone could achieve the same success. Whether they (racist and sexist languages) are used on purpose or blindly, it is a form of abuse or bullying and I think we can all do well to watch what words escape our lips, just in case we are repeating things weve always repeated without even knowing that they may be hurting someone. On the other hand, one way to avoid these kinds of languages is always remember than we are not better than anyone else and everybody should be treated equally. By this way, we wont have any prejudice among other races or the opposite gender and of course we will make the world to better place to live.

Cormac McCarthys All the Pretty Horses Essay -- All Pretty Horses Cor

Cormac McCarthy's All the Pretty Horses In All the Pretty Horses, Cormac McCarthy reveals the limitations of a romantic ideology in the real world. Through his protagonist, John Grady Cole, the author offers three main examples of a man’s attempt to live a romantic life in the face of hostile reality: a failed relationship with an unattainable woman; a romantic and outdated relationship with nature; and an idealistic decision to live as an old-fashioned cowboy in an increasingly modern world. In his compassionate description of John Grady, McCarthy seems to endorse these romantic ideals. At the same time, the author makes clear the harsh reality and disappointments of John Grady’s chosen way of life. When John Grady leaves Texas at the age of 16, he seems to have a plan. He wants to become a cowboy and have a close relationship with nature. John Grady’s character is hopelessly romantic; he takes action without caring about repercussions. In All the Pretty Horses, John Grady falls in love with people or things that are unable to love him back at the same level. Whether it’s his relationship with Alejandra, or his love for horses, it seems as though he is obsessed with these unattainable relationships. When John Grady meets Alejandra, he sets himself up for a situation that provokes conflict. This doesn’t seem to bother him, since John Grady is not content to live a life without risk. If anything, it may be that John Grady falls in love with Alejandra because of the potential conflict with her father, the powerful Don Hector. He finds conflict more appealing than harmony because it conforms to his ideal of the dangerous West. When John Grady tells his friend, Rawlins, about his first meeting with Alejandra, the author use... .... McCarthy’s novel is not about a boy trying to find his place in society, but about a boy trying to find himself and who he really is apart from society. John Grady begins the story with no answers, and at the end he still doesn’t have a clue. There is no resolution for him; there are only more questions, conflicts, and misunderstandings. I think that McCarthy’s point is that to live romantically is to live without cause, without real hope, and ultimately without love. Despite the author’s obvious compassion for John Grady and his idealism, he shows us through romantically descriptive writing that a romantic lifestyle cannot work in this world. The book ends with John Grady riding out into the sunset, having learned nothing, with no place to go. Until the character learns how to compromise with society and give up his romanticism, his life will have no purpose.

Narration essay

It was early morning, and I was driving to my vacation house. I was not really in a hurry, so I stopped at a McDonalds to grab a burger. It was a typical dingy place you often see in a quiet town, and I was the only customer. Everything was running as usual, and I was in for another 100 miles of monotonous driving through a rural countryside. And then something happened. I walked out of the joint and saw a little boy. He was about seven, and totally alone on a deserted parking lot where my car was the only one at 7 a.m.   He was thin, even skinny, and had a dreamy, absent-minded look on his face. I felt at first like leaving him alone to whatever dreams were weaving together in his mind, but then decided to find out what was going on. After all, he was just a little fellow, and it certainly was not good for him to be here together all on his own. â€Å"Are you waiting for anybody?† I asked. â€Å"No†, he replied. â€Å"Do you live here then?† â€Å"No, I was here with my Dad and Mom, and then they drove away.† â€Å"Away? Are they coming back?† He looked amazingly quiet. â€Å"They said I do not behave myself.† â€Å"How long have you been here then?† Now the little guy looked sad. â€Å"Two hours.† â€Å"Two hours?† I realized I had to take him to the police, to contact somebody in that little place to get the boy back to his normal comfortable life. But was it really that normal if his folks leave him on the road like that? Or did he misinterpret their words? While we were sitting in the police office, he told me about his family. His mom seemed like a good person in his words, but too intimidated by his father. â€Å"She never speaks her own mind if he thinks differently,† the boy said. â€Å"If she says something different, he starts yelling at her.† I did not fell a shade of bitterness in his voice. He was merely narrating a story. â€Å"Does your Dad ever beat you or your sister?† â€Å"It is just me. He slaps me across the face sometimes. He loves her. She is his daughter.† Then he gave me the first warm smile in all the time I had been speaking to him and pulled a picture out of his pocket. â€Å"Isn’t she cute?† The girl was sure lovely, very much like her brother, but with curly blond hair that turned her into a little princess. â€Å"He always brings her presents when he comes back from his trip. She has tons of toys.† I imagined to myself the unhappy lot of a child who lives with the stepfather. He probably suffered a lot, poor little thing. Well, when the parents did come a few hours ago, they were hysterically happy to find their child there. He just ran away on his own, they said. They had not the least intention of leaving him out in the cold. They were nice and loving parents. You’d think they were role models for other families. But I watched the passivity with which the guy moved into the van, and I could not shake off the feeling that something was missing from their words. They were smiling to me, to the policemen, but they seemed oblivious to the boy except the first moments of embraces. I was standing there thinking how the boy’s life will turn out in the long run. Will he ever learn to be loved? Will his relationships later be warmer than his family? I watched them drive away, then turned and walked back to my car. I tried to consider your remarks. If you have other comments, send it back and I will try to fix it as soon as possible.

Patient And Tumor Characteristics Health And Social Care Essay

Between January 2004 and June 2010, 160 patients underwent computing machine imaging guided transdermal cryoablation for lung tumours at our establishment. Of these patients, histologically proved phase I lung malignant neoplastic disease patients with more than one twelvemonth of followup, were retrospectively reviewed. All of these patients were considered to be medically inoperable with Charlson comorbidity index of 3 or greater. Follow-up was based chiefly on computed imaging. There were 22 patients with 34 tumours who underwent 25 Sessionss of cryoablation intervention. Complications were pneumothoraces in 7 interventions ( 28 % , chest tubing required in one intervention ) , and pleural gushs in 8 interventions ( 31 % ) . The observation period ranged from 12-68 months, mean 29 ±19 months, average 23 months. Local tumour patterned advance was observed in one tumour ( 3 % ) . Mean local tumour progression-free interval was 69 ±2 months. One patient died of lung malignant neo plastic disease patterned advance at 68 months. Two patients died of acute aggravations of idiopathic pneumonic fibrosis which were non considered to be straight associated with cryoablation, at 12 and 18 months, severally. The overall 2- and 3-year endurances were 88 % and 88 % , severally. Mean overall endurance was 62 ±4 months. Median overall endurance was 68 months. The disease-free 2- and 3-year endurances were 78 % and 67 % , severally. Average disease-free endurance was 46 ±6 months. Pneumonic map trials were done in 16 patients ( 18 interventions ) before and after cryoablation. Percentage of predicted critical capacity, and per centum of predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 2nd, did non differ significantly before and after cryoablation ( 93 ±23 versus 90 ±21, and 70 ±11 versus 70 ±12, severally ) .Conclusions/SignificanceAlthough farther accretion of informations is necessary sing efficaciousness, cryoablation may be a executable option in medically inopera ble phase I lung malignant neoplastic disease patients. Travel to:IntroductionSurgical resection is presently the criterion intervention for phase I non-small cell lung malignant neoplastic disease ( NSCLC ) . However, in patients who are medically inoperable due to important comorbidities, other intervention modes need to be considered. The non-surgical direction of early phase lung malignant neoplastic disease is presently an spread outing field. These include stereotactic organic structure radiation therapy ( SBRT ) and thermic ablative processs such as radiofrequency extirpation ( RFA ) and micro-cook extirpation [ 1 ] , [ 2 ] , [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 5 ] , [ 6 ] . Transdermal cryoablation is besides presently germinating as a minimally invasive, and potentially effectual, local intervention for lung tumours [ 7 ] , [ 8 ] , [ 9 ] , [ 10 ] . This process, largely used when surgical resection is contraindicated, is presently under rating as a possible complementary therapy for patients with primary lung malignant neoplastic diseases every bi t good as metastatic lung tumours. We have, to day of the month, treated more than 300 lung tumours in more than 200 patients with acceptable feasibleness and efficaciousness. Of these patients, in the present survey, we retrospectively analyzed the midterm results of phase I NSCLC patients treated with cryoablation. Travel to:Materials and MethodsEthical motivesThis survey protocol was approved by Keio University institutional reappraisal board ( blessing ID: 14-23 ) . Written informed consent was obtained from each participant in conformity with the Declaration of Helsinki.Choice of patientsBetween January 2004 and August 2010, 160 patients underwent cryoablation for lung tumours at our establishment. Of these patients, we retrospectively reviewed our experience with cryoablation for the primary intervention of phase I NSCLC in medically inoperable patients, with more than one twelvemonth of followup. The tumours which presented as multiple tumours in one patient, were clinically considered as synchronal or metachronous primary lung malignant neoplastic diseases to be eligible for this survey. Some of these patients have been reported antecedently [ 7 ] , [ 9 ] . Prior to sing cryoablation, patients with histologically diagnosed NSCLC were routinely staged with chest-to-pelvis computed imaging ( CT ) , encephalon magnetic resonance imagination ( MRI ) or CT, and most of the patients besides underwent a antielectron emanation tomographic ( PET ) scan. Bone scintigraphy was done if PET scan was non performed. Patients with hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes greater than 1 centimeter in the shortest axis, a positive PET scan consequence, or both, underwent endobronchial echography guided needle biopsy, or mediastinoscopy. The inclusion standard for this survey were patients who were considered medically inoperable because of hazards such as impaired cardiac map, hapless pneumonic map, and/or other comorbidities, i.e. , Charlson comorbidity index ( CCI ) [ 11 ] & A ; gt ; = 3. The patients ‘ desires to avoid surgery in association with their medical comorbidities were besides accounted for. The exclusion standards were as follows: ( 1 ) Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group ( ECOG ) mark of 2 or more. ( 2 ) Platelet count of less than 50,000/ µL. ( 3 ) Prothrombin clip international normalized ratio of more than 1.5. ( 4 ) No suited manner for the interpolation of investigations due to interference by major vasculatures, air passages or mediastinal constructions. ( 5 ) Incapable of cooperation during the cryoablation process. All patients were evaluated by representatives from pulmonologists, interventional radiotherapists, and pectoral sawboness to find inoperability and suitableness for cryoabla tion.Cryoablation processThe process of transdermal cryoablation was performed under local anaesthesia as antecedently described [ 7 ] . Under a multidetector-row CT scanner with multi-slice CT fluoroscopy maps ( Aquilion 64 ; Toshiba Med. Co. Ltd. , Tokyo, Japan ) , utilizing an outer interpolation sheath, a 1.7-mm-diameter cryoprobe ( CRYOcare Cryosurgical Unit ; Endocare, Irvine, CA ) was inserted into the targeted nodule under fluoroscopic CT counsel. Multiple investigations were at the same time inserted if the extirpation border was considered to be deficient with merely one investigation. The cryoprobe uses high-pressure Ar and He gases for stop deading and dissolving, severally, based on the Joule-Thompson rule. Cryoablation consisted of three rhythms of freeze, 5, 10, and 10 proceedingss each. The tip of the cryoprobe reaches about ?130 & A ; deg ; C during stop deading. This was followed by dissolving until the temperature of the cryoprobe reached 20 & A ; deg ; C, and so a 3rd rhythm of freeze ( 10 proceedingss ) followed by dissolving. Fibrin gum was infused into the outer sheath at the clip of cryoprobe remotion to cut down the hazards of hemothoraces and pneumothoraces. Whole lung CT scans were taken at the terminals of each of the processs. Chest radiogram were besides taken two hours after, the following twenty-four hours, and the twenty-four hours after each of the processs to look into for complications such as hemothoraces or pneumothoraces. The patients were discharged on the 2nd postoperative twenty-four hours if there were no complications.Follow-up after cryoablationFollow-up chest-to-pelvis CT scans with contrast sweetening were carried out at 1-month and so at 3 to 6 months intervals after cryoablation. We confirmed local patterned advance when there was a uninterrupted focal or diffuse expansion of the ablated lesion on CT. Furthermore, even when no expansion was seen, we regarded it as local patterned advance if the size of partial s weetening in the tumour continuously increased. As for the sensing of distant metastases, encephalon MRI or CT was done every 3 to 6 months. Favored scan or bone scintigraphy was done if considered to be necessary.Pneumonic map trialPneumonic map trial was done in patients who could adequately execute the trial, before, and 3 to 6 months after cryoablation.Statistical methodsLocal tumour progression-free intervals, and overall and disease-free endurances, were calculated with the Kaplan-Meier method. Pneumonic map trials were compared with the mated t trial. The statistical package bundle SPSS 17.0 ( SPSS Inc, Chicago, Ill ) was used for all analyses. P values smaller than 0.05 was considered to be statistically important. Travel to:ConsequencesDuring the survey period, 22 patients with 34 tumours underwent 25 Sessionss of lung cryoablation interventions for clinical phase I NSCLC. These patients were retrospectively reviewed. None of the patients had mediastinal or hilar lymph nodes greater than 1 centimeter in the shortest axis, or a positive PET scan consequence of the mediastinal or hilar lymph nodes. Fifteen patients had individual tumours, which were all treated in one session. Three patients had 2 tumours. The 2 tumours were found synchronously in all 3 patients, and were treated as one session per patient. Four patients had 3 tumours. In 2 of these patients, the 3 tumours were found synchronously, and were treated as one session per patient. In both of the staying 2 patients, 2 tumours were synchronal and one was metachronous. The 2 synchronal tumours were treated in one session in each of the patients. The metachronous tumours were treated as another session in both patients. One patient had 4 tumours. Two of these tumours were found synchronously and were treated in one session. Other 2 metachronous tumours were found at the same clip, and were treated in one session. The patient and tumour features are described in Table 1. The average maximum tumour diameter was 1.4 ±0.6 centimeter ( range 0.5-3.0 centimeter ) . More than half of the patients had a past history of resection for another lung malignant neoplastic disease. Majority of tumours were adenocarcinomas. Nine patients had more than one tumour, which were considered to be synchronal, or metachronous primary lung malignant neoplastic diseases. The figure of investigations used was 1 in 20 tumours, 2 in 13 tumours, and 3 in 1 tumour. Eight patients ( 36 % ) had important cardiac or vascular disease that put them at high hazard for surgical resection. Limited pneumonic map was the prevailing determiner of medical inoperability in 6 patients ( 27 % ) . Four of these patients were on O therapy. Other comorbidities included nephritic disfunction, liver disfunction, and attendant malignances. Average CCI was 5 ±3, scope 3 to 15. Table 1 Table 1Patient and tumour features.The most common complications of cryoablation were pneumothoraces, minor haemoptysiss, and pleural gushs. Pneumothoraces were seen in 7 interventions ( 28 % ) . Pleural gushs were seen in 8 interventions ( 31 % ) . Minor haemoptysiss were seen in 6 patients ( 24 % ) . Chest tubing interpolation was required in one patient with pneumothorax. All other complications resolved with observation merely. The observation period ranged from 12-68 months, mean 29 ±19 months, average 23 months. Local tumour patterned advance after cryoablation was observed in one tumour ( 3 % ) which was a squamous cell carcinoma 1.6 centimeter in size. Local failure was recognized as progressive expansion of the ablated part at 8 months after cryoablation. At this clip, no other metastases were observed. The local recurrent tumour was re-cryoablated. Four months after re-cryoablation, the patient developed an upper respiratory infection, which lead to an acute aggravation of the implicit in idiopathic pneumonic fibrosis ( IPF ) . The patient later died of the acute aggravation. At this point, local control was maintained. Overall, the average local tumour progression-free interval was 69 ±2 months. Median local tumour progression-free interval was non reached ( Figure 1A ) . Figure 1 Figure 1Kaplan-Meier estimation curves of ( A ) local progression-free interval after cryoablation, ( B ) overall endurance after cryoablation, and ( C ) disease-free endurance after cryoablation.So far 3 patients ( 14 % ) have died. One patient was the patient described above. Another patient died of lung malignant neoplastic disease 68 months after cryoablation. This patient developed multiple systemic metastases whereas local control was maintained. This patient received chemotherapy one twelvemonth after cryoablation because distant metastases were detected. The staying one patient died of acute aggravation of IPF 18 months after cryoablation. In this instance, the acute aggravation of IPF occurred instantly after chemotherapy for attendant liver malignant neoplastic disease, and was non considered to be straight associated with lung cryoablation. There are 2 patients who have received chemotherapy and are alive. One patient developed multiple lung metastasis 48 months after cryo ablation and have received systemic therapy with gefitinib. Local control was maintained in this patient. The other patient developed multiple systemic metastases 4 months after cryoablation. Local control was maintained. This patient received systemic chemotherapy after sensing of distant metastases. The overall 2- and 3-year endurances were 88 % and 88 % , severally. Mean overall endurance was 62 ±4 months. Median overall endurance was 68 months ( Figure 1B ) . Five patients are alive with lung malignant neoplastic disease. The disease-free 2- and 3-year endurances were 78 % and 67 % , severally. Average disease-free endurance was 46 ±6 months. Median disease-free endurance was non reached ( Figure 1C ) . The forms of returns other than local return were as follows: Recurrence merely in the ipsilateral thorax was seen in 1 patient, which was lung metastases. Needle-tract airings or pleural returns have non been detected so far in any of the patients. Distant metastases were seen in 5 patients. These included metastases to contralateral thoraces, lumbar vertebra, ribs, and encephalon. Treatments for these patients included chemotherapy, radiation, and gamma-knife. Pneumonic map was evaluated in 16 patients ( 18 interventions ) before and 3 to 6 months after cryoablation. There were no important differences before and after cryoablation in critical capacity ( 2.72 ±0.82 L versus 2.64 ±0.74 L, P = 0.19 ) , per centum of predicted critical capacity ( 93 ±23 % versus 90 ±21, P = 0.11 ) , forced expiratory volume in 1 2nd ( 1.81 ±0.53 L versus 1.77 ±0.50 L, P = 0.14 ) ( Figure 2 ) , and per centum of forced expiratory volume in 1 2nd ( 70 ±11 % versus 70 ±12 % , P = 0.95 ) . Figure 2 Figure 2Individual alterations in forced expiratory volume in 1 2nd, and the mean  ± standard divergences before and after cryoablation.Travel to:DiscussionThere is roll uping grounds that RFA is a safe and executable intervention option for the intervention of inoperable phase I NSCLC. There is one study in which the consequences of cryoablation for phase I lung malignant neoplastic disease is included among the consequences of RFA and sublobar resections [ 10 ] . But to our cognition, this is the first study which specifically focuses on cryoablation in patients with medically inoperable phase I NSCLC. In the present survey, cryoablation was done safely in all patients. Reduction in pneumonic map after cryoablation was besides minimum in this survey, although the pneumonic map trial was done largely in patients with comparatively good pneumonic maps who could adequately execute the trial. The incidences of the most common complications, which were pneumothoraces, and pleural gush s, were comparable to those antecedently reported for RFA [ 5 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 14 ] . The reported local control rates for RFA intervention of inoperable phase I NSCLC ranged from 58 to 69 % [ 5 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 12 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 14 ] . The local control rate was somewhat higher in the present survey ( 97 % ) , presumptively because in our survey the tumours were 3 centimeter or less, really largely 2 centimeter or less, whereas old RFA surveies included tumours which were 4 centimeter or less. As for the one patient with local return, we speculate that the primary cause of local patterned advance was deficient border of extirpation. Although 2 investigations were used in this instance, it was hard to define the relationship between the border of extirpation and the border of the tumour on CT because of the implicit in IPF. We consider that farther accretion of experience is necessary to better intervention outcomes in such instances. The overall and disease-free endurance at 3 old ages were better than that antecedently reported for RFA [ 5 ] , 88 % and 67 % versus 47 % and 39 % , severally. This was besides presumptively because in our survey the tumours were 3 centimeter or less, whereas the old RFA survey included tumours which were 3-4 centimeter. In our survey, there were 6 patients with disease patterned advance other than local return, but the figure of patients was excessively little to measure if there is any characteristic form of disease patterned advance after lung malignant neoplastic disease cryoablation. Determination of medical inoperability is critically of import and should be assessed by an interdisciplinary squad. A patient should non be judged as inoperable by one factor entirely, such as hapless pneumonic map. Therefore the appraisal of medical operability requires a comprehensive rating of multiple factors in the patient. To this terminal, the group of patients in the present survey all had important associated comorbidities, with CCIs of & A ; gt ; = 3. This mark has been validated in surgically resected patients with lung malignant neoplastic disease [ 15 ] , [ 16 ] . In these studies, multivariate analysis showed that a CCI & A ; gt ; = 3 was a important prognostic factor of increased hazard of major complications. In the current survey, the patients who underwent cryoablation were aged ( average age, 72 old ages ) , had important comorbidities ( average CCI, 5 ) , and hence, were considered to stand for a bad population for surgery. Although farther followup is needed, so far merely one patient in this survey has died of lung malignant neoplastic disease, and other 2 patients have died of their comorbidities. This consequence suggests that minimally invasive intervention options such as cryoablation may really be appropriate for patients with significant comorbidities. In footings of efficaciousness, there is grounds to propose that cryoablation may ensue in improved local control in comparing to RFA in nephritic tumours [ 17 ] , but to our cognition there are no surveies comparing the two modes in lung tumours. Since this is a retrospective, experimental survey with a comparatively short followup in a limited figure of extremely selected patients subjected to multiple prejudices, farther surveies are necessary to more suitably address the results of cryoablation in comparing to RFA for early phase lung malignant neoplastic disease. SBRT is besides germinating to be a promising intervention option for early phase lung malignant neoplastic disease, with singular betterments in efficaciousness and safety. The indicants for SBRT and ablative processs are expected to be really similar, and farther surveies are necessary to define the strengths and failings of each of these modes, which may be complementary instead than reciprocally sole. Travel to:FootnotesCompeting Interests: The writers have declared that no viing involvements exist. Support: No external support was received for this survey. Travel to:

Final Keywords)

Create a Java Constant Variable (Static/Final Keywords) A constant is a  variable  whose value cannot change once it has been assigned. Java doesnt have built-in support for constants, but the variable modifiers  static and final can be used to effectively create one. Constants can make your program more easily read and understood by others. In addition, a constant is cached by the JVM as well as your application, so using a constant can improve performance.   Static Modifier This allows a variable to be used without first creating an instance of the class; a static class member is associated with the class itself, rather than an object. All class instances share the same copy of the variable. This means that another application or main() can easily use it. For example, class myClass contains a static variable days_in_week: public class myClass {    static int days_in_week 7;} Because this variable is static, it can be used elsewhere without explicitly creating a myClass object: public class myOtherClass {      static void main(String[] args) {          System.out.println(myClass.days_in_week);    } } Final Modifier The final modifier means that the variables value cannot change. Once the value is assigned, it cannot be reassigned.   Primitive data types (i.e., int, short, long, byte, char, float, double, boolean) can be made immutable/unchangeable using the final modifier. Together, these modifiers create a constant variable. static final int DAYS_IN_WEEK 7; Note that we declared DAYS_IN_WEEK in all caps  once we added the final modifier. Its a long-standing practice among Java programmers to define constant variables in all caps, as well as to separate words with underscores. Java doesnt require this formatting but it makes it easier for anyone reading the code to immediately identify a constant.   Potential Problems With Constant Variables The way the final keyword works in Java is that the variables pointer to the value cannot change. Lets repeat that:  its the pointer that cannot change the location to which its pointing. Theres no guarantee that the object being referenced will stay the same, only that the variable will always hold a reference to the same object. If the referenced object is mutable (i.e. has fields that can be changed), then the constant variable may contain a value other than what was originally assigned.

Pair and Other Words Meaning Two

Pair and Other Words Meaning Two Pair and Other Words Meaning Two Pair and Other Words Meaning Two By Maeve Maddox A reader wonders about the word pair to describe singular objects: A headline from today’s National Post, â€Å"The Royal Canadian Navy is looking to buy 180,000 pairs of grey, lightweight underwear,† got me wondering about the use of the word pair when it comes to things like underwear, pants and scissors. Why are clearly singular items commonly referred to as pairs? Any ideas? I wish I could come up with some really obscure reason for the fact that modern speakers talk about â€Å"a pair of scissors† and â€Å"a pair of stockings,† but fourteenth century English speakers were already speaking of tools that had two joined partslike shearsas pairs. The earliest meaning of the word pair was â€Å"two things of the same type which ordinarily or necessarily are found together.† By the 17th century, pair had acquired the following meanings: a group of things which form a set a married couple a single thing in two pieces or two symmetrical parts two animals of the same species used or bought together two people united by affection or some similarity of position two symmetrical or identical parts of a body (ex. a pair of eyes) The of that follows pair in modern English was often omitted in Middle English and in early Modern English. For example, one spoke of â€Å"a pair socks† and â€Å"a pair gloves.† This change is especially interesting in light of the current trend to drop of after couple, another word that means â€Å"two things.† (See the comments on my post The Quasi-adjective Couple) Another change in the use of pair has to do with the plural. In the not-so-distant past, the singular was used after a numeral: â€Å"three pair shoes,† but now, as in the headline that launched this discussion, we use the plural: â€Å"looking to buy 180,000 pairs of grey, lightweight underwear† Here are a few more words that convey the idea of two: brace double duet duo duplet dyad twain twice twin two twosome Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:30 Synonyms for â€Å"Meeting†80 Idioms with the Word TimeNarrative, Plot, and Story

Country Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Country Studies - Essay Example The invasion led to the devaluation of the Iraq currency, which sent away the investors who had invested in the desert country. The depreciation of the currency led to the withdrawal of support from international bodies2. The invasion also confirmed to the world that the country was unsafe for inhabiting. This process made the products of the country have very low value to the international community while the international commodities became expensive. It caused an economic crisis. Additionally, this led to a long period of economic recovery. The US in conjunction with the UN undermined Iraq’s international image. The negative signal of terrorism associated the whole country with terrorism, while a small section of the country was affected by the aspect of al-Qaeda3. Iraq was also destabilized because the nation’s dictatorial leader was ousted and hanged. This cut links the leader had established with the nation’s allies to the detriment of the Iraq nationals. The reign of dictatorial leaders is better than instability. The political and economic instability caused by the US was costly to the

Counterterrorism and Information Systems Your protection versus your Research Paper - 1

Counterterrorism and Information Systems Your protection versus your rights - Research Paper Example The war towards terrorism has never been a smooth path, hence a number of ethical issues had to be broken. A country is always torn by the dilemma of either protecting its citizens from terrorism by use of information technology to feed them with required data to help them fight terrorism and the constitutional rights of individuals to have their personal rights. It is evident that a sound decision in such a case is necessary as this is an ethical dilemma and one that can cause problems if messed around with. Vital information regarding people’s lives is usually interfered with in the process of counterterrorism. For instance, the government usually uses personal databases to extract information about certain people hence breaching their constitutional personal rights. Faced with a tough decision on breaking its constitutional mandate to protect its citizens from terrorists and protecting their rights, somehow calls for a proper decision on whether counterterrorism use of information technology is ethical There usually so many ways which the government can combat terrorism without interfering with the personal rights of their individuals. This can involve sending spies to terrorist zones, of which it has not been successful as they eventually get discovered and stringent punishment administered to them. Another alternative to the government combating terrorism will be through fighting together with other countries to ensure that the leaders and the culprits funding them are detained. In practical sense, these has been one impossible affair since most of the terrorist groups usually live in hiding and have spies all over when soldiers come to attack them. Another alternative that can be used to combat terrorism may be through rigorous checks and racial profiling of individuals from countries prone to harbour terrorist,

Managerial Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Managerial Economics - Essay Example Hence, the significance to be paid on any particular type wholly depends upon the investor and manufacturer’s choice of short term or long term prospects. The present paper deals with two variants of profit theory, viz., frictional profit theory and innovation profit theory. Each of these concepts define or explain economic profit in their own discreet ways and hence, are relevant in deciding various aspects of the underlying business, for the benefit of investors as well as manufacturers to some extent. Furthermore, the economy gains as well if economic units sort out the most efficient avenues of production or investment, since that would mean a speedier progress towards national growth. Broadly speaking, there are two different explanations to economic profit, namely, disequilibrium theories of profit and compensatory theories of profit. While the previous theory explains the logic behind an industry earning super-normal profits despite the presence of market disequilibria or discrepancies, the latter accomplishes how innovative activities taking place in a firm can assure super-normal profits to the same. Nonetheless, both these theories encompass many others within themselves (Hirschey, 2009, p. 12). Of them, only two belonging to each type, will be discussed underneath, namely, frictional profit theory and innovation profit theory. The discussion will involve comparison between the two concepts inclusive of evidences in support of the logics underlying them. Frictional theory of profit, as the name suggests, is the generation of super-normal profits due to frictions present in the economy. These are untimely events, leading to shocks in the market and thus confusing the normal state of the market. An industry is often characterised by a large number of buyers and sellers, so that there is no scope to earn super-normal profit. However, a sudden shock might shift the

Can Blockbuster Stand up to Netflix Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Can Blockbuster Stand up to Netflix - Article Example These forces have mostly come from the competition provided by illegal downloads of movies in local markets and the pirated copies of films available in foreign markets but most importantly Blockbuster faces competition from a company called Netflix. Instead of using local distribution channels, Netflix uses an online storefront which means that they have reduced their distribution costs to a great extent. Netflix has used a technological solution to give itself the first mover advantage forcing Blockbuster to play the catch-up game (Epstein, 2006). Â  As the latest information available from Blockbuster, the company is venturing into online rentals for films and allowing the distribution of media material from online sources such as websites and even in-store kiosks to locate older films (Blockbuster, 2006). However, this may be a case of too little too late since Netflix is already offering their clients the same services. Blockbuster tried to compete with Netflix on price but the running costs of having stores across America and the human resource cost of maintaining those stores means that Blockbuster will always find it difficult to compete solely on the price model. Â  It does not seem that Blockbuster has a good future since analysts from both the business world and the Hollywood entertainment industry consider it to be little more than a zombie about to be killed by modern distribution methods (Epstein, 2006). However, Blockbuster does have an established name in the rental business and it is still a place where individuals can see the choices they have rather than to scroll through the choices.

Environmental Effects Statement for the proposed (Persistent Organic Research Proposal

Environmental Effects Statement for the proposed (Persistent Organic Compounds) storage and treatment facility - Research Proposal Example This article’s main aim is tooutline a few things such as how the development is likely to impact on the environment; ways in which the impacts could be identified and measures that would be put in place to mitigate the social and economic impacts of the project on the environment.Within the SEE, a suitable location for the development of the project should be suggested and details outlined. Background The development plan featured here is the setting up of POP (Persistent Organic Compound) storage and treatment facility is which is to be built near Mortlake, Victoria. The purpose of building this facility is to dispose Australia’s 500,000 tonne stockpile of organ chlorines such as DDT, Dieldrin and Endrin, polychlorinated biphenyls, hexachlorobenzene, dioxins and furans. The company that has proposed the storage and treatment facility received information that they will have to go through the environmental effect process before approval could be given for this project. With the support of both the State and Federal Governments the process will be heard under Victoria’s Environmental Effects Act (1978) and the Federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act (1999). Body The Queensland Environmental act protection act 1994 is a statute that provides legislations, standard procedures, codes and control approvals when setting up projects so as to monitor and manage operations on site. Given the size of the project, a lot of organisation should be done and clear-cut strategies be put in place. Some of the things the project managers should outline include how to relocate or compensate owners of the 1000 acres of land where the project is going to be built and the cost implications it will have on the stakeholders of the project. Operations involved and the estimated period of time required for setting up the project is also vital. Scrutiny of the site should also be done to verify whether there are any hindrances to the project such as underlying mining tenements. The numbers of people required to provide labour should outlined (BERTRAM, 2005, p201). There are a number of implications; either social or economic, that could arise as a result of setting up the project. For instance, looking at the topography of the land, excavators will have to dig deeper into the ground which could result in for example release of air emissions from underneath that may be hazardous to humans. It is important that both personnel working on the site and other nearby residents be informed on such dangers and protective clothing be distributed so as to mitigate the effects such dangerous chemicals could have on individuals. The dug up soil could also contain dangerous chemicals leading to contamination and it is recommended that it is disposed in the right manner. The proposed construction for all temporary landforms is also likely to cause possible erosion as the area is cleared of vegetation. Clearing or demolishing of the h ouses within the site may likely lead to stockpiles and limit access to certain pathways. In the wake of the construction, it is also likely that some parts of the neighboring land’s fertility or productivity be constrained.â€Å"JOUMARD, p34,† argues that in order to ensure that the land remain fertile or at least a little productive, the

Bullwhip Effect in Retail Supply Chains Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Bullwhip Effect in Retail Supply Chains - Essay Example Supply chain management (SCM) then includes all the methods, systems, people, and resources that help improve processes and organisations throughout the supply chain. SCM involves close working together of all companies in the chain. Simchi Levi et al. (2004) classify SCM into two categories: configuration, which is related to basic infrastructure (hardware, software, transport, etc.); and coordination, related to the way the supply chain operates. Configuration issues include decisions on choosing suppliers, outsourcing activities, and policies for purchasing, decisions on production, site location, capacity; distribution channels, retail locations, and transportation costs and issues. Coordination issues include decisions on material flows throughout the chain, how information is exchanged, and payment systems. This shows how complex supply chain management is because it involves many functions and geographic areas. Design and execution are therefore difficult and need to be managed for the supply chain to move with efficiency. An example is shown in Figure 1 (Gereffi, 2002) for retail apparel which links cotton and synthetic fibre manufacturers, textile mills, apparel manufacturers, and retail outlets from all the five continents. If one link in this chain breaks, e.g., the container ship with the raw material supply of African cotton gets lost at sea, the whole supply chain can break down and thousands of clients of Marks & Spencer will have to party using last season's fashion. Supply Chain, Meet Bullwhip What is known as the "bull-whip effect" can be described as follows: the farther away from the customer a supplier is along the supply chain, the higher would be the difference between what is really needed from what is ordered. The term was coined by Lee et al. (1997) based on observations and descriptions made by supply chain professionals at Procter & Gamble (P&G). They noticed that whilst the number of babies and the demand for nappies were stable, the orders coming from retailers and wholesalers for Pampers deliveries, P&G's best-selling nappies brand, fluctuated dramatically. And as they went further down the supply chain, starting with the orders made by P&G from the suppliers of the components that went into a nappy - plastic, cotton, and so on - they noticed even wilder fluctuations. On a graph, they noticed that these fluctuations were similar to the way the amplitude of a whiplash increases down the length of the whip once it is cracked. Thus was born the phenomenon known as the Bullwhip Effect. Figure 2 shows this phenomenon in action, using data

Can Blockbuster Stand up to Netflix Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Can Blockbuster Stand up to Netflix - Article Example These forces have mostly come from the competition provided by illegal downloads of movies in local markets and the pirated copies of films available in foreign markets but most importantly Blockbuster faces competition from a company called Netflix. Instead of using local distribution channels, Netflix uses an online storefront which means that they have reduced their distribution costs to a great extent. Netflix has used a technological solution to give itself the first mover advantage forcing Blockbuster to play the catch-up game (Epstein, 2006). Â  As the latest information available from Blockbuster, the company is venturing into online rentals for films and allowing the distribution of media material from online sources such as websites and even in-store kiosks to locate older films (Blockbuster, 2006). However, this may be a case of too little too late since Netflix is already offering their clients the same services. Blockbuster tried to compete with Netflix on price but the running costs of having stores across America and the human resource cost of maintaining those stores means that Blockbuster will always find it difficult to compete solely on the price model. Â  It does not seem that Blockbuster has a good future since analysts from both the business world and the Hollywood entertainment industry consider it to be little more than a zombie about to be killed by modern distribution methods (Epstein, 2006). However, Blockbuster does have an established name in the rental business and it is still a place where individuals can see the choices they have rather than to scroll through the choices.

Bullwhip Effect in Retail Supply Chains Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Bullwhip Effect in Retail Supply Chains - Essay Example Supply chain management (SCM) then includes all the methods, systems, people, and resources that help improve processes and organisations throughout the supply chain. SCM involves close working together of all companies in the chain. Simchi Levi et al. (2004) classify SCM into two categories: configuration, which is related to basic infrastructure (hardware, software, transport, etc.); and coordination, related to the way the supply chain operates. Configuration issues include decisions on choosing suppliers, outsourcing activities, and policies for purchasing, decisions on production, site location, capacity; distribution channels, retail locations, and transportation costs and issues. Coordination issues include decisions on material flows throughout the chain, how information is exchanged, and payment systems. This shows how complex supply chain management is because it involves many functions and geographic areas. Design and execution are therefore difficult and need to be managed for the supply chain to move with efficiency. An example is shown in Figure 1 (Gereffi, 2002) for retail apparel which links cotton and synthetic fibre manufacturers, textile mills, apparel manufacturers, and retail outlets from all the five continents. If one link in this chain breaks, e.g., the container ship with the raw material supply of African cotton gets lost at sea, the whole supply chain can break down and thousands of clients of Marks & Spencer will have to party using last season's fashion. Supply Chain, Meet Bullwhip What is known as the "bull-whip effect" can be described as follows: the farther away from the customer a supplier is along the supply chain, the higher would be the difference between what is really needed from what is ordered. The term was coined by Lee et al. (1997) based on observations and descriptions made by supply chain professionals at Procter & Gamble (P&G). They noticed that whilst the number of babies and the demand for nappies were stable, the orders coming from retailers and wholesalers for Pampers deliveries, P&G's best-selling nappies brand, fluctuated dramatically. And as they went further down the supply chain, starting with the orders made by P&G from the suppliers of the components that went into a nappy - plastic, cotton, and so on - they noticed even wilder fluctuations. On a graph, they noticed that these fluctuations were similar to the way the amplitude of a whiplash increases down the length of the whip once it is cracked. Thus was born the phenomenon known as the Bullwhip Effect. Figure 2 shows this phenomenon in action, using data

Nazi Ideology Essay Example for Free

Nazi Ideology Essay Nazism also officially known as the National Socialism is defined as an ideology and practices that are influence by the National Socialist German Worker’s Party that is under the leadership of Adolf Hitler. In relation to this, Nazism is also regarded as political policies that were adopted by the dictatorial of Nazi Germany that took place from 1933 to 1945. Nazism strongly advocates the superiority of an Aryan race that makes the Germanic people stand above others. During the leadership of Hitler, Nazis supported the centralized government that is led by the Fuhrer that claimed to have the responsibility of defending and protecting Germany and the German people in their country and abroad against the forces of Communism and Jewish subversion (Thomas). As such, the recurring themes of Nazism include extreme nationalism, xenophobia, and the glorification of the Aryan race (Levy 497). These themes of Nazism have put many negative effects for people that do not belong to the Aryan race especially for Jews as well as to the German themselves. The themes of this ideology created prejudices and stereotypes against other races especially for the Jewish people that often become the cause of conflict and violent practices. Due to this, Jewish people and other races that Hitler deems as dirty or is a threat to the Aryan race are hunt down. The holocaust is a clear example of the violent practices that he implemented in line of the Nazis ideology. Nevertheless, the German people also experience the negative effect of this ideology as some of them experience xenophobia. They think that they should not interact with other races especially those that they believe is a threat to their racial superiority. Lastly, Germans also have experience difficulties in interacting and relating with other races especially when they have the mentality that they are better as compared to them (Levy 497-498). Works Cited Levy, Richard S. Antisemitism. California: ABC-CLIO, 2005. Thomas, Robert. â€Å"The Nature of Nazi Ideology. † 11 June 2009 http://www. libertarian. co. uk/lapubs/histn/histn015. pdf.

Double Skin Facades In High Rise Building Engineering Essay

Double Skin Facades In High Rise Building Engineering Essay Abstract: Double skin faà §ade systems are increasingly used in High rise buildings across the world. It is more commonly use in high-end architecture of European and Pacific Rim countries. The growing architectural trend is driven mostly by (Poirazis,2004)1: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The reduction of energy use during the occupation stage of a building à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The aesthetic desire for a fully glazed faà §ade that leads to increased transparency à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The practical need for improved indoor environment, lesser reliance on artificial plant à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The need for improving the acoustic performance of buildings located in noise polluted areas 1. Poirazis, Harris. (2004). Double Skin Facades for Office Buildings, Literature Review, Lund Institute of Technology Web address: http://www.ebd.lth.se/avd%20ebd/main/personal/Project%20home%20page/main/publications/LITERATURE.pdf This essay attempts to study the Classification of Double Skin Facades, its advantages and disadvantages, and discuss on its application in high rise building and evaluate the benefits and limitations. Introduction The Double Skin Faà §ade is an envelope construction covering one or multiple storey, which consists of two pieces transparent glass layers separated by a intermediate cavity. Air ventilation strategy can be take place through the intake and air outlet on the external glazing. In the cavity, sun-shading louvers and thermal insulation devices are sometime installed to control the solar heat gain to improve the indoor environment. The BBRI, (BBRI, 2002) includes in the Source book a satisfactory description of the structure of a Double Skin Faà §ade System.The layers of the faà §ade are described below2: 2. Belgian Building Research Institute (BBRI) (2002). Source book for a better understanding of conceptual and operational aspects of active facades. Department of Building Physics, Indoor Climate and Building Services, Belgian Building Research Institute. Version no 1. Web address: http://www.bbri.be/activefacades/index2.html à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Exterior Glazing: Usually it is a hardened single glazing. This exterior faà §ade can be fully glazed. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Interior glazing: Insulating double glazing unit (clear, low E coating, solar control glazing, etc can be used). Almost always this layer is not completely glazed. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The air cavity between the two panes. It can be totally natural, fan supported or mechanically ventilated. The width of the cavity can vary between 200 mm to more than 2m according to the function of the applied concept. This width influence the way that the faà §ade is maintained. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The interior window can be opened by the user. This may allow natural ventilation of the offices. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Automatically controlled solar shading is integrated inside the air cavity. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ As a function of the faà §ade concept and of the glazing type, heating radiators can be installed next to the faà §ade. History of the Double Skin Faà §ade The history of Double Skin Facades can be trace back to end of 19th century. According to Saelens (2002), the early version of a mechanically ventilated multiple skin faà §ade was created around 1849. Jean-Baptiste Jobard at that time director of the industrial Museum in Brussels, mentioned how in winter hot air should be circulated between two glazing, while in summer it should be cold air. Crespo claims that a double skin curtain wall appears in 1903 in the Steiff Factory in Giengen, Germany. It is possibly the prototype of, at least, is more close to the modern double skin faà §ade system. She describes that: The priorities were to maximize daylighting while taking into account the cold weather and the strong winds of the region. The solution was a three storey structure with a ground floor for storage space and two upper floors used for work areas. The building was a success and two additions were built in 1904 and 1908 with the same Double Skin system, but using timber instead of steel in the structure for budget reasons. All buildings are still in use. Moving to the 20th century, with improved technology meant that the size and number of openings were no longer limited by structural considerations of the past. large glazed facade are able to construct but it is still very much limited by building physics and experiencing thermal comfort. At that time, fully glazed buildings have problem of summer overheating and heat losses and problematic condensation, lots of energy is used by mechanical plant in the operation state of the building. The outbreak of oil crises in 1973 1979 bring greater awareness on energy consumption. Innovative improvements on insulating glazing such as the addition of low-emissivity coatings and inert gas filled cavities were made. In the1990s a further breakthrough on insulation glazing was achieved with the development of spectrally selective glazing, electro-chromic and photo-chromic glazing. However, these products are unlikely available in short run as they are expensive. In contrast, double skin facades offer us a cheaper and more flexible way of achieving comfortable internal environment through a combined system of components, allowing the regulation of heat, cold, light noise with low energy consumption. Classification of Double Skin Facades There are numerous way of classification on Double Skin Faà §ade due to the variation in type of construction, the origin, destination and type of the air flow in the cavity, etc. Battle McCarthy, the Environmental Engineering firm in Great Britain created a categorization of five primary types (plus sub-classifications) based on commonalities of faà §ade configuration and the manner of operation. 3 These are: 3. Battle McCarthy website. http://www.battlemccarthy.demon.co.uk/research/doubleskin/doubleskinhomepage.htm Category A: Sealed Inner Skin: subdivided into mechanically ventilated cavity with controlled flue intake versus a ventilated and serviced thermal flue. Category B: Openable Inner and Outer Skins: subdivided into single story cavity height versus full building cavity height. Category C: Openable Inner Skin with mechanically ventilated cavity with controlled flue intake Category D: Sealed Cavity, either zoned floor by floor or with a full height cavity. Category E: Acoustic Barrier with either a massive exterior envelope or a lightweight exterior envelope. Belgian Building Research Institute Study (BBRI, 2002) investigate the potential of active facades, the related problems and risks in order to devise guidance in standardisation and technical approvals. They developed a classification system to describe different double-skin faà §ade configurations based on a database of case-studies2. 2. Belgian Building Research Institute (BBRI) (2002). Source book for a better understanding of conceptual and operational aspects of active facades. Department of Building Physics, Indoor Climate and Building Services, Belgian Building Research Institute. Version no 1. Web address: http://www.bbri.be/activefacades/index2.html One storey height facade The air cavity is divided horizontally and vertically into small and independent facade modules. Naturally ventilated double facades with one storey height facade modules are also known as a Box window type. Corridor facade Corridor facade is divided at every storey, the cavity is going horizontally along the building. Partition is used for acoustical, fire security or ventilation reasons. Multiple storey facades Multiple storey facades are not divided vertically or horizontally. The air cavity continues throughout the whole facade with maintenance grids at the every level to allowing circulation. The air cavity ventilation is realised via large openings near the floor and the roof of the building. Shaft-box facades Shaft box facades are very similar in nature to the one-storey height module. A series of box type window modules in the facade which are connected via vertical shafts. Air are being drawn from the box windows by stack effect into the vertical shafts and emitted from top. Advantages of the Double Skin Faà §ade The passive design strategies of double skin faà §ade bring natural ventilation, day lighting and solar heat gain into the fabric of the high-rise building, thus bringing energy efficiency and comfort to the inhabitant. Natural Ventilation: One of the main advantages of the Double Skin Faà §ade system is that it allows the inhabitant access to natural ventilation with protection against the weather and burglar. The cavity is a key component in the system as it allows natural fresh air to enter into the building to cool and ventilate the space. Natural ventilation is make possible even in the higher levels of a high-rise building due to the addition of extra layer of glass which helps to reduce the wind pressure. Natural ventilation of fresh air is much more preferable than air from mechanical sources as it will help to reduce the energy cost. During the hot summer nights, Double Skin Facades can also provide natural night ventilation, thus making the indoor temperatures lower during the early morning hours providing thermal comfort and improved air quality for the office occupants. In this way lesser energy is use in air-conditioning thus reducing the CO2 output of the building. Day lighting: Day lighting is important element in the design of High rise building as it reduces the energy consumption of electrical lightings. Moreover, the quality of natural lighting is preferable to electrical lighting. The large area of glazing coverage in double skin faà §ade maximises the daylighting into the space. Good lighting of the workplace is one of the main factors of indoor comfort that can positively influence health and productivity of office personnel. Natural light, its variations and its spectral composition are of great importance for well-being and mental health. Natural light is a fundamental component of our life, helping our body to produce vitamin D, an important anticancer element. 5 5. http://www.buildingenvelopes.org Harvard University Massachusetts Institution of Technology However, The increased coverage of glazed faà §ade brings excessive glare and heat during the hotter times. Solar shading devices are require to decrease solar heat gain and reduce the amount of glare. Thermal Insulation and Solar Heat Gain: Double Skin Faà §ade System can provide greater thermal insulation to the high rise building over the year with its outer skin. Solar heat gain is controlled through the use of shading devices and the air in cavity also help to absorb some of the incoming solar radiation. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ During the winter the external layer of glass reduce the external heat transfer rate to provide improved insulation. Heat transfer rate is further reduced due to the increse in temperature when cavity is partially or completely closed. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ During the summer the warm air inside the cavity can be extracted by naturally or mechanically ventilation. The airflow of the air inside the cavity is very much depend on the size of opening and temperature of the cavity. A carefully selection on the combination of the type of the glass panes and the shading devices types is very important as it prevents overheat in the cavity and the interior space and also to achieve good ventilation. In a highly glazed building, external Shading devices are use to reducing solar heat gain and heat entering into the interior. Shading devices can be fixed or operable. Operable units allow the occupant to control environment to meet their desire. They are normally installed in the outer half of Double Skin Faà §ade, typically horizontal blinds. The horizontal blind allows day lighting penetration and maintaining some of the view of outside. Acoustic insulation: Double skin faà §ade provides acoustic insulation to the building from external sources. The cavity act as air barrier to reduce the external noise pollution. A reduction of 20dB by double skin faà §ade at mid frequencies was reported by Chiang et al. (2004) 6 However, the number of openings and the type of Double Skin Faà §ade will also determine the effectiveness of the sound insulation. Chiang, W-H., Chao, Y-N. Wu, C-J., 2004, Sound Insulation of Double Skin Faà §ade http://www.ncree.org.tw/2004tcworkshop/pdf/16.pdf Transparency: Double skin facades fully glazed faà §ade bring more transparency to the building with more natural day lighting and views of exterior. For years, the Architects and the developer has always wanted a transparent building. but in the same time energy efficient. Energy savings: Double Skin Faà §ades can save energy significantly. The system minimises solar loading at the perimeter of buildings, thus less electricity costs is used to cool the building. Natural ventilation also further reduces the energy used in mechanical air supply. Disadvantages of the Double Skin Faà §ade There are always debates on the benefits of the double skin system. The Pro camp claims the systems to be environmentally responsible as double skin system help to save energy cost. However the Con camp states that areas such as maintenance, life-cycle/durability of the system, mechanical costs and operation cost also need to take into account. The disadvantages of Double Skin Faà §ade are described below: Higher construction and additional maintenance costs: Comparing the Double Skin facade and the conventional cladding systems. Double Skin facade has higher construction costs due to the additional construction cost of the outer layer, mechanical and supporting structure. It also require higher skill workman. With the additional layer of skin, the weight of the buildings structure loading is also increase, so as the construction cost of the building. Double Skin type also has higher cost during the operation of the building. More costs will be added in maintenance such as cleaning, servicing. Reduction of rentable office space: As the width of the intermediate cavity of Double Skin Faà §ade can vary from 20 cm to several meters (Uuttu, 2001), this results to the loss of useful space and rental. It is quite important to find the optimum depth of the faà §ade so as not to lose valuable space. Overheating problems: If the Double Skin Faà §ade system is not properly designed. The temperature of air in the cavity will likely to be increased in the hot summer days and resulting in overheating of the interior space. To avoid overheating, the minimum width between the internal and external pane should not be less than 200 mm (Jager,2003) Double Skin Faà §ades in High-Rise Buildings: High-rise office tower with fully glaze facade is a major consumer of energy. However, double skin faà §ades passive energy concepts and design strategies have increased the potential of high-rise building to come closer with sustainable architecture. In terms of climatic control, double skin faà §ades allow the occupants to take better control of internal environment. The heating and lighting requirements could be adjusted according to occupants needs by controlling the operable windows for natural ventilation and the shading device to modify the incoming solar radiation. The GSW Headquarters building is a good example of architecture that uses double skin faà §ade to achieve sustainability (Note: Plan image north is down) Image from Flickr: Uploaded by  runningforasthma The plan demonstrates how the new 515,000 sf connects to the existing  building with the new core leaving a 36 foot clear lease span. This depth with the large glass area results in excellent daylighting characteristics. Building Name GSW Headquarters Architect Sauerbruch Hutton Location Berlin GSW Headquarters consists of existing tower, three-story street-oriented bar, and new 22-storey, 11-m wide office tower building, which is the most important aspect to present the sustainable concept. In response to urban and functional conditions, the major axis of the building faces east and west, a double skin is provided on the west faà §ade: a single-glazed weather screen suspended 1m from the internal double pane windows, which acts a thermal buffer to protect heat loss and a thermal flue drawing air through the building. The second layer of automation is the colourful, perforated aluminium shading panels within the west double skin cavity manage solar heat gain and day lighting. The louvers also can be manually adjustable by the occupants but protects against the direct sunlight in the afternoon. On the east faà §ade, automatically and manually-operated triple-glazed windows with between-pane blinds allows fresh air enter into the building to create cross ventilation. Fresh air is also admitted independently from the window with the exterior louvered metal panels provided on the east faà §ade. In hot summer season, the operable window of the double skin facade is closed resulting in increasing of temperature inside the cavity. warm air is being channel to central plant via riser for heat recovery. Arup  who engineered the building claims the goal to achieve energy savings of 30-40% in comparison to an ordinary building. And because of the cross ventilation created by the flue effect, mechanical ventilation is no longer required 70% the year. http://www.ecorussia.info/en/ecopedia/double-skin-glass-facades Conclusions Double Skin Faà §ades are increasing incorporate into high rise building to achieving greater transparency, acceptable indoor environment as well as reducing energy consumption. Double Skin Faà §ades is the by far the only system at present that offers a range of natural ventilation strategies to the occupants. From economical point of view, Double Skin Faà §ades does not score well due to its high construction cost and additional maintenance and operational costs. However, Double Skin Faà §ades fair better when we look at social and environmental aspect. Double Skin Faà §ades provide better day lighting, solar control and access to natural ventilation, creating better working environment for the employee and increase the productivity. However Double Skin Facades are not suitable in every part of the world. They are highly depending on the outdoor conditions such as solar radiation, outdoor temperature, etc as the outside conditions have great influence on the indoor environment. Thus, each Double Skin Faà §ade has to be designed according to different constraints such as: climate condition (solar radiation, outdoor temperature, etc), site conditions (latitude, local daylight availability, atmospheric conditions, exterior obstructions, ground reflectance, etc), building usage (operating hours, occupants tasks, etc). A thorough investigates and ability to control these environmental aspects inevitably leads to increased energy efficiency.

Essay --

Haley Hicks Howerter ENGWR 300 16 December 2013 Emerson: Transcend Conformity Transcendentalism; most people are unfamiliar with this term but not the ideas behind it. A religious deviation that started in the 1820’s caused one of the most influential movements in history. The after effects would be seen in the beliefs of those who fought for civil rights, women’s rights, and abolition; anytime a rebellion rears its head, there tends to be some distinctly transcendentalist ideas and mindsets found fueling the individualist fires of change. Transcendentalism and its various principles changed the face of the world and the way people thought by challenging the majority and scorning conformity. They challenged people to be individuals; to look inward for the truth and make their own happiness. Those that were a part of this movement also spoke out against figures of authority when it was believed they acted against the common good. There was a vague optimism and stubborn refusal to accept any truth but the ones found to be true to the individual tha t was characteristic of its supporters. In a world that seems to be constantly telling its inhabitants what we should think, it is important to remember that we are each still our own person and how we live our lives is up to us. The movement was not without its critics and opposition, but the lasting effects of the philosophical ideals stood the test of time and continue to change people for the better. While there were many great thinkers, writers and leaders of this movement, the one that many consider to be the father of the movement is Ralph Waldo Emerson. His humble nature made him reluctant to take such a title, and he was not the creator of transcendentalism, but his influence on ... ...eveloping an acid tongue.† Men who isolate themselves not only deprive themselves of friendship and love, but also make themselves unfit for marriage. Society isn't always achieved easily, but by "chemical affinity" and even then "in very small doses." Striking a balance between solitude and society is difficult because "solitude is impracticable, and society fatal." (Society and Solitude) But this Thinking is not solely his own; Socrates once said, â€Å"To find yourself, think for yourself.† In one of his most influential works, Self-Reliance Emerson once said that â€Å"It is easy in the world to live after the world's opinion; it is easy in solitude to live after our own; but the great man is he who in the midst of the crowd keeps with perfect sweetness the independence of solitude. (Self-Reliance)† "Rather than love, than money, than fame, give me truth." - H.D. Thoreau

Oligopolists :: essays research papers

Oligopolists There are four market structures in our economy today : Perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopolies and monopolies. This essay shall describe the oligopoly market.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The definition of an oligopoly states that in an industry, a small number of firms dominate the market. There are a low number of firms in the industry, becasue and adding to the barriers to entry. The barriers of entry to an oligopolistc market include the financial resources needed to enter and such regulations from the government or patents.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this market, there is a high degree of differentiated products, and so with all of the above factors combined in this market, the competition is of sales, not of price. There is also a factor of concern from the firms in an oligopolistic market - where the actions of one firm will subsequently effect the other firms in the industry. This results in each oligopolist watching its competitors closely, and is a method of competition between the firms, other than by price wars.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Kinked Demand Curve, is the economical graph that shows why oligopolists tend to adopt a common price -to achieve the greatest price and output.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Hilmer committe, estabilished 1993, is a government body who acts in the interests of recommendations of National Competition policies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1995, the Trade Practises Act (T.P.A.) was introduced. The T.P.A. sets out the general responsibilities of sellers, such as the firms of oligopolies, and out laws actions that may be unfair to the consumers. This includes misleading advertising, market sharing and collusion. Collusion is where the firms of an industry meet a set, common price, or agree not to come into each other in the market area. Oligopolists :: essays research papers Oligopolists There are four market structures in our economy today : Perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopolies and monopolies. This essay shall describe the oligopoly market.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The definition of an oligopoly states that in an industry, a small number of firms dominate the market. There are a low number of firms in the industry, becasue and adding to the barriers to entry. The barriers of entry to an oligopolistc market include the financial resources needed to enter and such regulations from the government or patents.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this market, there is a high degree of differentiated products, and so with all of the above factors combined in this market, the competition is of sales, not of price. There is also a factor of concern from the firms in an oligopolistic market - where the actions of one firm will subsequently effect the other firms in the industry. This results in each oligopolist watching its competitors closely, and is a method of competition between the firms, other than by price wars.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Kinked Demand Curve, is the economical graph that shows why oligopolists tend to adopt a common price -to achieve the greatest price and output.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Hilmer committe, estabilished 1993, is a government body who acts in the interests of recommendations of National Competition policies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1995, the Trade Practises Act (T.P.A.) was introduced. The T.P.A. sets out the general responsibilities of sellers, such as the firms of oligopolies, and out laws actions that may be unfair to the consumers. This includes misleading advertising, market sharing and collusion. Collusion is where the firms of an industry meet a set, common price, or agree not to come into each other in the market area.

Investigating the Inverse Square Law Essay

The inverse square law can also be applied to gravity, electric fields, light and sound. In relation to electric fields, the electric force in Coulomb’s law follows the inverse square law: ‘If gamma rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation and undergo negligible absorption in air, then the intensity, I, should vary inversely as the square of the distance between the source and the detector.’2 Air acts as an almost transparent medium to ?-rays, and the intensity (rate of energy arrival per unit area) of ?-rays emanating from a point source varies inversely as the square of the distance from the source.3 ?-rays fall into many distinct monoenergetic groups because of their variable energies which emanate from any particular emitter. The least energetic radiation will only pass through very thin foils, whereas the most energetic can penetrate up to several centimetres of lead.4 As ?-rays tend to produce 10-4 times as many ion-pairs per unit length as ?-particles do, measurements are usually carried out using a Geiger-Mller (G-M) tube.5 G-M tubes are widely used for detecting radiation and ionising particles. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geiger-M%C3%BCller_tube The anode is a central thin wire which is insulated from the surrounding cathode cylinder, which is metal or graphite coated. The anode is kept at a positive potential and the cathode is earthed. The tube may also have a thin mica end window.6 When radiation enters the tube, a few electrons and ions are produced in the gas. If the voltage is above the breakdown potential (The minimum reverse voltage to make the diode conduct in reverse)7 of the gas, the number of electrons and ions are greatly multiplied. The electrons are attracted to the anode, and the positive ions move towards the cathode. The current flowing in the high resistance resistor (R) produces a pd which is amplified and passed to a counter which registers the passage of an ionising particle or radiation through the tube.8 The tube cannot be filled with air as the discharge persists for a short time after the radiation is registered. This is due to electrons being emitted from the cathode by the positive ions which arrive there. Instead, the tube is filled with argon mixed with a halogen vapour which quenches, reduces the intensity, the discharge quickly, ensuring that the registered radiation does not affect the recording of other ionising particles. When the G-M tube is detecting one particle, if another enters the tube it will not be detected. This is known as dead time; the average maximum being approximately 90 microseconds.9 Because this number is so small, it can justifiably be ignored for this experiment. Background radiation must be taken into account when taking readings from the source. Background radiation primarily comes from cosmic radiation and terrestrial sources.10 This radiation will affect the count and must be corrected. The level of this radiation varies with location and must be measured before conducting the experiment. Since I ? C: C ? 1 (d + d0)2 Therefore: d + d0 ? 1 Vc I ? 1 r2 Where: * d = distance * d0 = distance to be added to the measured distance, d, because of the reference point on the holder not coinciding with the source, and the effective counting space inside the GM tube may not be close to the window, then r = d + d0. * I = intensity * C = corrected count rate – the measured count rate minus the reading for background radiation11 Corrected count rate against 1/(d + d0)2 should produce a straight-line graph, passing through the origin, if the inverse square law is followed. Source: ‘A Laboratory Manual of Physics’ -F. Tyler, Page 269 The gradient of the line obtained is a measure of the strength of the source used in the experiment.12 The strength of the source is the activity, A=?N. The decay constant, ?, can be calculated using ? = ln2/t1/2 where the value for the half-life of Co-60 is 5.2714 years13. Therefore: ? = ln2/t1/2 = 0.693/1.664 x 108 = 4.175 x 10-9 The gradient of the straight line graph will equal ?N0e-?t so ? = gradient/ N0e-?t Safety Precautions: To ensure the utmost safety before, during and after this experiment, some guidelines should be followed: * Food and drink should not be consumed whilst in the same room as the source * Food items should not be stored in the same room as the source * The source should only be handled with long handled source handling tongs, and as little as possible * Hands should be washed thoroughly after contact with the source * If in contact with the source for an extended period, it is recommended that a monitoring badge is worn * As the source will radiate in only one direction, it should not be pointed at anyone * The source should be locked away in a lead lined box when not in use * Open wounds should be covered securely * Protective gloves should be warn when handling potentially contaminated items Errors: To reduce the possible errors within the experiment, an optical bench will be used to ensure that the G-M tube and the source are properly aligned throughout, as the source radiates in one direction, the alignment must remain standard. Also, for small distances, specifically the distance d0 which is the distance the source is from the opening of the holder plus the distance of detection from the window in the G-M tube, vernier callipers will be used to hold as much accuracy as possible. Vernier callipers read to fractions of a millimetre, making them much more accurate than other measuring devices. Other distances, such as distance d, can be measured with a metre rule as the distances are larger which decreases the possible error in measuring. There will also be the error of human reaction times from observing the final count and pressing the stopclock. To ensure accuracy, practise using the stop-clock and count switch until reasonably consistent results can be obtained. Preliminary Work: To decide on an appropriate voltage to use, the G-M tube and source set-up should be tested. Place the source approximately 10 cm from the window of the G-M tube and increase the voltage slowly, until the count rate stops changing dramatically. Plot a graph of the count-rate, C, against EHT voltage, V. Record the voltages V1 and V2 between which the rate of counting does not vary too much. If the rate of counting begins to rise after remaining much the same for a range of voltage do not raise the voltage any higher or the tube may suffer damage.14 The optimum operating voltage will be halfway between the voltage where the plateau begins and the voltage where it ends. To decide on the range of distances used, the source was moved close to the window of the G-M tube and was moved back slowly until the scaler could count adequately (5 cm). This is the smallest distance that will be used. To find the other extreme, the source was moved back until the count rate fell to a low value, but could still provide adequate results (35 cm). d (cm) N t1 (s) t2 (s) t3 (s) Ave. t 5.00 10,000 212 209 209 210.00 10.00 10,000 773 779 790 780.67 15.00 1000 180 220 205 201.67 20.00 1000 317 355 345 339.00 25.00 1000 457 469 437 454.33 30.00 1000 543 510 542 531.67 35.00 1000 749 720 735 734.67 From these preliminary results I have decided to time for 10,000 counts at 5 cm from the source, 5000 counts for 10cm from the source, and 1000 for 15 – 30cm. This is because any higher values will take considerably longer to measure. I will take three readings from each, as radioactive decay is a random process and it would be unlikely for more than three readings to be similar. An average will be calculated from the three values and the reading for the background radiation will be subtracted to find the corrected count rate. Equipment: * Geiger-Mller tube of , ? sensitive type * Decade scaler with variable EHT supply * Sealed cobalt-60 source – sealed to prevent contact with the source and to prevent isotropic radiation * Long handled source handling tongs – to prevent contact with the source * Optical bench with source holder – to ensure constant alignment * Stop-clock, readable to at least two decimal places * Vernier callipers – to measure the distance d0 to a higher level of accuracy * Metre rule – to measure the distance d Diagram: Where: * B is the optical bench with source holder, H * G is the Geiger-Mller tube * S is the decade scaler with variable EHT supply * R is the sealed radioactive source, cobalt-60 Cobalt-60 will be used as the gamma source as it is easily produced, by exposing natural cobalt to neutrons in a reactor, and therefore easy to acquire.15 It also produces ?-rays with energies of 1.17 MeV and 1.33 MeV. Method: 1. Clamp the G-M tube to one end of the optical bench and attach it to the input socket of the scaler 2. Set the variable EHT voltage on the scaler at a minimum and turn it on, allowing a few minutes for the scaler to warm up 3. Change the variable EHT voltage on the scaler to the value found through preliminary work and set it to count pulses from the G-M tube 4. Start the stopclock and measure the background radiation for an adequate length of time, e.g. 25 minutes, as background radiation is variable 5. Place the holder containing the ?-source at 5.0 cm from the window of the G-M tube 6. Start the stopclock and stop after 10,000 counts are registered. Record this value and repeat twice 7. Move the ?-source to 10.0 cm from the window of the G-M tube and repeat procedure 5, instead only counting 5000 counts 8. Move the ?-source to 15.0 cm from the window of the G-M tube and repeat procedure 5, instead counting only 1000 counts 9. Repeat procedure 7 for sets of 5.0 cm until a distance of 30.0 cm is reached 10. Tabulate these results and find the average count rate for each distance 11. Evaluate 1/(d + do)2 12. Using the recorded value for background radiation, evaluate the corrected count rate for each distance 13. Plot the graph of corrected count rate against 1/(d + do)2 References: 1 http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/forces/isq.html 2 Essential Pre-University Physics’ – Whelan & Hodgson, page 953 3 ‘Essential Principles of Physics’ – Whelan & Hodgson, page 472 4 ‘Essential Principles of Physics’ – Whelan & Hodgson, page 472 5 ‘Essential Principles of Physics’ – Whelan & Hodgson, page 472 6 http://www.imagesco.com/articles/geiger/03.html 7 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakdown_voltage 8 ‘Essential Pre-University Physics’ – Whelan & Hodgson, page 406 9 http://www.imagesco.com/articles/geiger/03.html 10 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_radiation 11 ‘Advanced Level Practical Physics’ – M Nelkon & JM Ogborn, page 218 12 ‘A Laboratory Manual of Physics’ – F. Tyler, page 269 13 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt * 14 ‘Advanced Level Practical Physics’ – M Nelkon & JM Ogborn, page 212 15 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt